Government
Type: Republic.
Independence: July 5, 1962 (from France).
Constitution: September 8, 1963; revised November 19, 1976, November 3, 1988, February 23, 1989, and November 28, 1996.
Branches: Legal system based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; Algeria has not accepted compulsory International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction.
Administrative divisions: 48 provinces (wilayates; singular, wilaya).
Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal.
National holiday: Independence Day, July 5, 1962; Revolution Day, November 1, 1954.
Major parties represented in parliament: National Liberation Front (FLN), National Democratic Rally (RND), Movement for National Reform (MRN), Movement of Society for Peace (MSP), Workers' Party (PT), Algerian National Front (FNA), Islamic Renaissance Movement (MNI), Party of Algerian Renewal (PRA), Movement of National Understanding (MEN).

ALGERIA GOVERNMENT
Under the 1976 Constitution (as modified 1979, and amended in 1988, 1989, and 1996) Algeria is a multi-party state. The Ministry of the Interior must approve all political parties. According to the Constitution, no political association may be formed "based on differences in religion, language, race gender or region." Algeria has universal suffrage at the age of 18.

The head of state is the president of the republic. The president, elected to a five-year term, and constitutionally limited to two terms, is the head of the Council of Ministers and of the High Security Council. He appoints the prime minister as well as one-third of the upper house (the Council of the Nation). The prime minister presides over the Council of Ministers and serves as head of the government.

The Algerian Parliament is bicameral, consisting of a lower chamber, the National People's Assembly (APN), with 380 members and an upper chamber, the Council of the Nation, with 144 members. The APN is elected every five years. Legislative elections were held in May 2007. Two-thirds of the Council of the Nation is elected by regional and municipal authorities; the rest are appointed by the president. The Council of the Nation serves a six-year term with one-half of the seats up for election or reappointment every three years. Either the president or one of the parliamentary chambers may initiate legislation. Legislation must be brought before both chambers before it becomes law. Sessions of the APN are televised.

Algeria is divided into 48 wilayates (states or provinces) headed by walis (governors) who report to the Minister of Interior. Each wilaya is further divided into communes. The wilayates and communes are each governed by an elected assembly.

Principal Government Officials
President and Minister of National Defense--Abdelaziz Bouteflika
Head of Government (Prime Minister)--Abdelaziz Belkhadem
Minister of State for the Interior and Local Communities--Nourredine Yazid Zerhouni
Minister of State for Foreign Affairs--Mourad Medelci
Minister of State--Soltani Boudjerra
Minister Delegate in Charge of National Defense--Abdelmalek Guenaizia

Other Ministers
Agriculture and Rural Development--Said Barkat
Commerce--El Hachemi Djaaboub
Communications--Abderrachid Boukerzaza
Culture--Khalida Toumi
Energy and Mines--Chakib Khelil
Environment--Cherif Rahmani
Finance--Karim Djoudi
Fisheries and Sea Resources--Smail Mimoune
Health, Population and Hospital Reform--Amar Tou
Higher Education and Scientific Research--Rachid Harraoubia
Housing & Urban Planning--Noureddine Moussa
Industry--Mahmoud Khoudri
Jobs and National Solidarity--Djamal Ould-Abbes
Justice--Tayeb Belaiz
Labor and Social Security--Tayeb Louh
Moudjahidine (Veterans)--Mohamed Cherif Abbas
National Education--Boubekeur Benbouzid
Participation and Investment Promotion--Abdelhamid Temmar
Posts, Information and Communications Technologies--Boudjemaa Haichour
Public Works--Amar Ghoul
Minister in Charge of Relations with Parliament--Mahmoud Khedri
Religious Affairs--Bouabdellah Ghlamallah
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises and Craft Industries--Mustapha Benbada
Tourism--Noureddine Moussa
Transport--Mohamed Maghlaoui
Vocational Training--El Hadi Khaldi
Water Resources--Abdelmalek Sellal
Youth and Sports--Hachemi Djiar

Ministers Delegate
Minister Delegate in Charge of Maghrebian and African Affairs--Abdelkader Messahel
Minister Delegate in Charge of the Family and Women's Affairs--Nouara Saadia Djaafar
Minister Delegate in Charge of Local Collectives--Daho Ould Kablia
Minister Delegate in Charge of Rural Development--Rachid Benaissa
Minister Delegate in Charge of Scientific Research--Souad Bendjaballah
Minister Delegate in Charge of Town Planning & Environment--Abderrachid Boukerzaza
Minister Delegate in Charge of Financial Reform--Fatiha Mentouri

Other Government Officials
Secretary General of the Government--Ahmed Noui
Speaker of the National People's Assembly (Lower House)--Amar Saadani
Speaker of the Council of the Nation (Upper House)--Abdelkader Bensalah
Governor, Central Bank--Mohamed Laksaci
Ambassador to the United States--Amine Kherbi
Permanent Representative to the United Nations, New York--Youcef Yousfi

ALGERIA POLITICAL CONDITIONS
Terrorist violence in Algeria resulted in more than 100,000 deaths during the 1990s. Although the security situation in the country has improved, addressing the underlying issues that brought about the political turmoil of the 1990s remains the government's major task. President Bouteflika implemented the Charter on Peace and National Reconciliation on March 1, 2006, as one way to bring closure. Thus far, it has successfully gained the surrender of a number of moderate Islamists, but paradoxically, has emboldened the more hard-core elements, in particular the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), which changed its name in January 2007 to Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).

In keeping with its amended Constitution, the Algerian Government espouses participatory democracy and free-market competition. The government has stated that it will continue to open the political process and encourage the creation of political institutions. Presidential elections took place in April 2004 and returned President Bouteflika to office with 84.99% of the vote. The next presidential elections are scheduled for 2009.

Algeria has more than 45 daily newspapers published in French and Arabic, with a total circulation of more than 1.5 million copies. There are 20 domestically printed weekly publications with total circulation of 622,000 and 11 monthly publications with total circulation of 600,000. In 2001, the government amended the Penal Code provisions relating to defamation and slander, a step widely viewed as an effort to rein in the press. While the Algerian press is relatively free to write as they choose, use of the defamation laws significantly increased the level of press harassment following President Bouteflika's April 2004 re-election victory, and as a result, the press began to self-censor. In July 2006, President Bouteflika pardoned all journalists convicted of defaming or insulting state institutions. The pardon effectively dismissed the charges against 67 people. Critics point out that according to the criminal code, insulting the president is punishable by prison sentence. Nevertheless, the pardon was widely seen as a significant step toward democracy. The government holds a monopoly over broadcast media; Algerian newspapers are widely seen to be the freest in the region.

Population growth and associated problems--unemployment and underemployment, inability of social services to keep pace with rapid urban migration, inadequate industrial management and productivity, a decaying infrastructure--continue to affect Algerian society. Increases in the production and prices of oil and gas over the past decade have led to exchange reserves reaching $80 billion. The government began an economic reform program in 1994, focusing on macroeconomic stability and structural reform. These reforms aimed at liberalizing the economy, making Algeria competitive in the global market, and meeting the needs of the Algerian people. In 2004, the government announced a $55 billion spending program to improve national infrastructure and social services; subsequent announcements have increased the proposed program to $120 billion.